Concepts of Algorithm, Flow Chart & C Programming by Prof. I can't tell you exactly how to write your algorithm, but here are some general guidelines. It will be good to refer to some of the common and recent structural superposition programs in the Structural Alignment page. Chapter 1 Introduction. If you can think of another algorithm, then write it down. There are other criteria for judging programs which have a more direct relationship to performance.Why Write Your Own Book When An Algorithm Can Do It For You? Phil Parker is unlike any writer you’ve ever met – or read for that matter. That’s because he doesn’t write most of his books. Instead, the trained economist uses sophisticated algorithms that can pen a whole book from start to finish in as little as a few minutes. The secret is sophisticated programming mimicking the thought process behind formulaic writing. It can take years to create these programs, but once completed, new books can be churned out in minutes. This method has led to Parker’s company – ICON Group International Inc – auto- writing more than a million titles, mostly nonfiction books on very specific subjects. But there’s poetry, too – see an example at right. Writing By The Numbers. Read. Write: Tell me about the algorithm you created to auto- write books. All the algorithms we did was mimic what economists have been doing for decades. In the 1. 99. 0s I was working on reports where you had to do a lot of economic analyses and I realized that most of what an economist does is itself extremely formulaic in nature. With the advent of larger hard disks, Windows, RAM, a lot of that process could be reverse engineered and basically characterized by algorithms and be used in an automated fashion. The methodologies are extremely old, just like the methodologies of writing haiku poetry are very old. An Elizabethan sonnet is 1. I recently attended an interview where I was asked 'write a program to find 100 largest numbers out of an array of 1 billion numbers.' I was only able to give a brute force solution which was to s. Algorithm definition, a set of rules for solving a problem in a finite number of steps, as for finding the greatest common divisor. Can an Algorithm Write a Better News Story Than a Human Reporter. Either way, you are supporting our journalism. Computing ITT & CPD. How an algorithm or program works. Intellectual Property. The code is constrained. So all genres, no matter what the genres are, are a form of constrained writing. Read. Write: What kind of restraints? Phil Parker: There are constraints to the length of the book based on page formats and font sizes and the expectations of readers. There’s natural constraints that exist in all forms of writing. In the nonfiction area, the constraints are fairly understood by the people in that area. Small businesses doing import- export businesses, they do it for very narrowly defined products. They don’t do it for general products. That’s why for Amazon and elsewhere, all these titles we created, very arcane categories, and that’s because that’s what people actually do business in. Nobody does business in hardware parts, they do it in 6- inch copper screws. So for those businesses, to hire a consultant firm to say . Those people then pass off the editorial analysis to a group of people who do formatting and copy editing and graphic design, who then pass it off to another group of people who do metadata, covers, spines, all that. All we did is reverse engineer that. But the methodology to do that already existed before the books existed. Read. Write: So it’s not a new form of writing? Phil Parker: I have not created any new way of writing. All I’m doing is writing computer programs that mimic the way people write. Going back to the Elizabethan sonnets, Shakespeare or one of his contemporaries created the 1. By line 9 there has to be a turn in the poem, so there has to be a phrase like . All of them are 1. If you do an analysis of sonnets, you’ll realize that about 1. But they do it only in a very particular way. Even that formulation of violation is itself constrained. It’s a very different kind of philosophy from artificial intelligence. All About The Algorithm. Read. Write: Tell us about that algorithm. Phil Parker: We created a system which we think mimics the human mind. Some of the genres are so forumalic that the publishers of those genres tell the potential writers how to write the books themselves. Read. Write: What do you mean by formulaic? Phil Parker: A genre is defined by formula. What’s interesting across genres, often you find the same formulas taking place in little twists, which throw them squarely in a different genre. But the twist is minute. A romance book can become a thriller by rearranging certain components of it. In essence, formulas of genres have patterns in them which overlap with each other. Think of a Venn diagram, and the intersection between them. The more genres intersect with each other, the more likely that recurring patterns can be observed. We started using this graph theoretic approach to write dictionary definitions. I have this thing called Webster’s Online Dictionary. It algorithmically mimicked what a lexicographer should do if they had access to such a large data base. The process involved first creating the linguistic graph that defines language and all of the relationships between words and the phonetics behind the language. Read. Write: Does it really take 2. Phil Parker: It could take 2- 3 years to set up the algorithms, but once you’ve got it, the software has now been fully coded. Once you decide to write one on . Read. Write: How much does it cost to produce? Phil Parker: The cost could be the equivalent of 2- 3 man years of programmer time, and maybe an analyst or editors that might be required on that project. Read. Write: How many books have you written by hand versus with the algorithm? Phil Parker: The ones I wrote by hand were academic books – they were like MIT press – it wasn’t using algorithms. And more than 1,0. It’s a moving target by the hour. Machines. Read. Write: What’s the big difference between human writing and machine writing? Phil Parker: There’s the classic turing test about a conversation with a robot: Can you tell the difference between a robot and a real human who’s conversing with you? Is there something different about these topics? I don’t think anybody would look at our crossword puzzle books and say, . The goal isn’t to sound better than an author. The goal is to deliver something useful to people. That’s the end of it, no more. Otherwise, why bother doing it? Read. Write: So are human authors replaceable? Phil Parker: Bloggers that we talked about earlier who read 3 different articles, read a Wikipedia page. What you’re doing right now is not formulaic. Because you’re probing, you’re going to the depths of it. There’s been in the last 2 weeks about 1. I’ve done and none of them talked to me about it. They’re all copy and pasting from each other. I think it’s very a interesting observation that they’re using a formulaic method to deliver content and put their name on a byline, when in fact they’ve done a formulaic cut- and- paste. I would call those kinds of articles low on the creativity front.
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